PP

Polypropylene (PP), inozivikanwawo se polypropene, a thermoplastic polymer inoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa kusanganisira kurongedza uye kunyora, machira (semuenzaniso, tambo, underwear yemoto uye makapeti), stationery, epurasitiki zvikamu uye zvakare reusable midziyo yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, maLabhoratri zvishandiso, matairesi, zvinhu zvemotokari, uye polymer banknotes. Iyo yekuwedzera polymer inogadzirwa kubva kune monomer propylene, ine yakashata uye isina kujairika inopesana nemazhinji makemikari sol sol, zvigadziko uye acids.

Muna 2013, misika yepasi rose yepypypylene yaive mamirioni mazana matanhatu emamita.

Mazita
IUPAC zita: poly (propene)
Mamwe mazita: Polypropylene; Polypropene; Polipropene 25 [USAN]; Propene ma polymers; Propylene ma polymers; 1-Propene
Identifiers
CAS Number	9003-07-0
Properties
Kemikari inogadzirwa	(C3H6)n
Density	0.855 g / cm3, amorphous 0.946 g / cm3, kristalline
Chinyorera	130 kusvika 171 ° C (266 kusvika 340 ° F; 403 kusvika 444 K)
Kunze kwekunge kwacherechedzwa neimwe nzira, data rinopihwa zvekushandisa mavari mamiriro ezvinhu (pa25 ° C [77 ° F], 100 kPa).

Chemical uye zvepanyama zvivakwa

Polypropylene iri mune akawanda maficha akafanana ne polyethylene, kunyanya mukugadzirisa maitiro uye magetsi emagetsi. Iyo inowedzera iripo methyl boka inovandudza zvemagetsi zvimiro uye kupisa kwemafuta, nepo kushomeka kwemakemikari kuchiderera. Izvo zvimiro zve polypropylene zvinoenderana nehuremu hwehuremu uye maseru ekuparadzira uremu, crystallinity, mhando uye chikamu che comonomer (kana chikashandiswa) uye iso tacticity.

yokungoitawo ehupfumi

Ukuru hwePP huri pakati pe0.895 kusvika 0.92 g / cm³. Naizvozvo, PP ndiyo zvigadzirwa epurasitiki nekuderera kwakanyanya. Nederera density, kuumbwa zvikamu nehuremu hushoma uye zvimwe zvikamu zvehukuru hwakawanda hweplastiki hunogona kugadzirwa. Kusiyana ne polyethylene, nzvimbo dzekristaro uye amorphous dzinosiyana zvishoma pakuderera kwavo. Nekudaro, huwandu hwe polyethylene hunogona kuchinja zvakanyanya nevanyori.

Modulus yeVadiki vePP iri pakati pe1300 ne1800 N / mm².

Polypropylene inowanzo kuomarara uye ichichinjika, kunyanya kana ikapeteredzwa ne ethylene. Izvi zvinobvumira polypropylene kushandiswa se mainjiniya epurasitiki, kukwikwidza nezvigadzirwa zvakadai se acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polypropylene ine zvine musoro zvehupfumi.

Polypropylene ine zvakanaka kuramba kupera simba.

Anopisa zvivakwa

Iko kunonyunguduka kwepolypropylene kunoitika pamatanho, saka nzvimbo inonyungudika inotariswa nekutsvaga tembiricha yepamusoro yesiyano yekutarisa macalorimetry chati. Yakakwana isotactic PP ine nzvimbo inonyungudika ye171 ° C (340 ° F). Zvekutengesa isotactic PP ine nzvimbo yekunyungudika inotangira pa160 kusvika 166 ° C (320 kusvika 331 ° F), zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvekuumba uye nekristallini. Syndiotactic PP ine crystallinity ye30% ine nzvimbo inonyungudika ye 130 ° C (266 ° F). Pazasi pe 0 ° C, PP inova inopwanya.

Kuwedzerwa kwemafuta kwepolypropylene kwakakura kwazvo, asi zvakati kwirei kupfuura iwo polyethylene.

Makemikari zvinhu

Polypropylene iri tembiricha yemukati inoshingirira nemafuta uye angangoita ese manyoro enyoro, kunze kwemasimba akasimba. Asina-oxidizing acids uye mabhesheni anogona kuchengetwa mumidziyo yakagadzirwa nePP. Pakutonhora kwakakwira, PP inogona kugadziriswa mune yakaderera polarity solvents (semuenzaniso xylene, tetralin uye decalin). Nekuda kweiyo yepamusoro kabhoni atomu PP ine chemakemikari isinganyanye kusagadzikana pane PE (ona Markovnikov mutemo).

Yakanyanya kutengeswa polypropylene isotactic uye ine chikamu chepakati chekrisimasi pakati peiyo ye yakaderera-density polyethylene (LDPE) uye yakakwirira-density polyethylene (HDPE). Isotactic & Atactic polypropylene inogadziriswa muP-xylene pa140 degree centigrade. Isotactic inoyerera kana mhinduro yacho yatonhorera kusvika 25 degree centigrade & atactic chikamu chinoramba chiri soluble muP-xylene.

Iyo yekunyungudika kuyerera mwero (MFR) kana melt kuyerera index (MFI) chiyero chemolecular uremu hwepolypropylene. Iyo chiyero chinobatsira kuona kuti nyore sei iyo yakanyungudutswa mbishi zvinhu inoyerera panguva yekugadzirisa. Polypropylene ine yakakwira MFR inozadza iyo epurasitiki muforoma zviri nyore panguva yejekiseni kana yekurova-kuumba yekugadzira maitiro Sezvo kuyerera kwekunyungudika kunowedzera, zvakadaro, zvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri, sekusimba kwesimba, zvichaderera. Kune matatu matatu akajairwa marudzi epolypropylene: homopolymer, random copolymer, uye block copolymer. Iyo comonomer inowanzo shandiswa ne ethylene. Ethylene-propylene rabha kana EPDM yakawedzerwa kune polypropylene homopolymer inowedzera simba rayo repasi rekushisa. Nenguva isipi polymerized ethylene monomer yakawedzerwa kune polypropylene homopolymer inoderedza iyo polymer crystallinity, inoderedza iyo yekunyungudika uye inoita kuti iyo polymer ive yakajeka.

Kudzvinyirira

Polypropylene inosungirwa kuketani kushatiswa kubva pakuratidzwa nekupisa uye nemwaranzi ye UV senge iriko muchiedza chezuva. Oxidation inowanzoitika kunzvimbo yepamusoro yekabhoni atomu iripo mune yega yekudzokorora unit. Iyo yemahara radical inoumbwa pano, uyezve inopindurazve mberi neoksijeni, ichiteverwa neketani scission kuburitsa aldehydes uye carboxylic acids. Mukushandisa kwekunze, inoratidzira senge netiweki yemakakatanwa akajeka uye crazes ayo anova akadzika uye akaomarara zvakanyanya nenguva yekuratidzwa. Kune ekunze mashandisiro, UV-inotora zvinowedzerwa zvinofanirwa kushandiswa. Carbon nhema inopawo imwe dziviriro kubva kuV. Iyo polymer inogona zvakare kuve yakasanganiswa patembiricha yakakwira, dambudziko rakajairika panguva yekuumbwa kwekuita. Maanti-oxidants anowanzo kuwedzerwa kudzivirira kuwora kwepolymer. Microbial nharaunda dzakasarudzika kubva kune ivhu sampuli dzakasanganiswa ne starch dzakaratidzirwa kuve dzinogona kudzikisira polypropylene. Polypropylene yakanzi inoshoreka iri mumuviri wemunhu semidziyo inowedzerwa mesh. Izvo zvakashatiswa zvinhu zvinoumba muti unova-wakaita senge pamusoro peye mesh fibers.

Optical properties

PP inogona kugadzirwa kana isina kuvhurika asi isina kunyatsobuda pachena se polystyrene, acrylic, kana mamwe mapurasitiki. Iyo inowanzo opaque kana pendi uchishandisa pigment.

History

Phillips Petroleum vemakemikari J. Paul Hogan naRobert L. Banks vakatanga kupurimisa propylene muna 1951. Propylene yakatanga kuiswa polymer kune crystalline isotactic polymer naGiulio Natta pamwe neyemakemikari weGerman Karl Rehn munaKurume 1954. Uku kuwanikwa kwekupayona kwakakonzera hukuru- kuyera kutengeserana kugadzirwa kwe isotactic polypropylene nekambani yeItaly Montecatini kubva 1957 zvichienda mberi. Syndiotactic polypropylene yakatangawo kugadzirwa naNatta nevamwe vaaishanda navo.

Polypropylene ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kukosha mapurasitiki ane mari inotarisirwa kupfuusa US $ 145 bhiriyoni ne2019. Kutengesa kwezvinhu izvi kufungidzira kukura pachikamu che5.8% pagore kusvika muna 2021.

Synthesis

Pfungwa yakakosha mukunzwisisa chinongedzo chiri pakati pechimiro che polypropylene uye zvayo zvinhu nokungwara. Iyo yehukama yakatarisana yega yega methyl boka (CH
3 mumufananidzo) zvine chekuita nemapoka emethyl ari munzvimbo dzakavakidzana dzemonomer ane simba rakakura pakukwanisa kwepolymer kugadzira makristasi.

Ziegler-Natta inokonzeresa inokwanisa kudzora kubatanidza mamorekuru emamonone kune yakatarwa nzira, kungave isotactic, apo mapoka ese emethyl akamira padivi rimwe chete nekuremekedza musana wecheni yepolymer, kana syndiotactic, kana nzvimbo dze methyl mapoka anoshandura. Zvekutengesa zviripo isotactic polypropylene inogadzirwa nemhando mbiri dzeZiegler-Natta catalysts. Boka rekutanga remakomendi anosanganisira akasimba (anonyanya kutsigirwa) anokonzeresa uye mamwe marudzi esaruble metallocene catalysts. Yakadai isotactic macromolecules coil mune helical chimiro; idzi helices dzinobva dzamira padhuze nepadhuze kuti dziumbe makristasi ayo anopa kutengeserana isotactic polypropylene mazhinji ayo anodikanwa ehupfumi.

Imwe mhando yesimbilocene catalysts inogadzira syndiotactic polypropylene. Aya macromolecules anotungamira zvakare mune maheti (eimwe mhando) uye anogadzira crystalline zvinhu.

Kana iyo methyl mapoka mune polypropylene keteni isingaratidzi inosarudzwa tenderera, ma polymers anonzi atactic. Atactic polypropylene ndeye amorphous ruby ​​zvinhu. Iyo inogona kugadzirwa inotengeswa ingave ine yakasarudzika mhando yeiyo inotsigirwa yeZiegler-Natta catalyst kana ine mamwe masimbi esharelocene.

Dzemazuva ano dzakatsigirwa Ziegler-Natta catalysts yakagadzirirwa kuitira polymerization ye propylene uye imwe 1-alkenes kune isotactic polymers vanowanzo shandisa TiCl
4 sechinhu chinoshanda uye MgCl
2 sechitsigiro. Izvo zvinokonzeresa zvinewo organic modifiers, kungave anonhuwirira asidhi esters uye diesters kana ether. Aya makaturisheni anoitwa neakakosha cocatalysts ane organoaluminum komputa senge Al (C₂H₅)₃ uye yechipiri mhando yemodhiyo. Iwo mabati anoratidzwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nemaitiro anoshandiswa kuita fashoni inobatsira masisitimu kubva kuMgCl₂ uye zvinoenderana nerudzi rwezvakachinjika modifiers anoshandiswa panguva yekugadzirisa gadziriso uye kushandiswa mukugadzirisa kwema polymerization. Maviri akakosha tekinoroji maitiro eese anotsigirwa makatudhi ane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye chikamu chakakwira chekristalline isotactic polymer yavanoburitsa pa70-80 ° C pasi pemamiriro epolymerization akajairwa. Zvekutengesa synthesis ye isotactic polypropylene inowanzoitwa mukati meyero yemvura propylene kana mune gasi-chikamu reactors.

Comm Commical synthesis ye syndiotactic polypropylene inoitwa pamwe nekushandiswa kweakasarudzika ekirasi yesimbilocene catalysts. Ivo vanoshandisa bridged bik-ironlocene mahedhi erudzi rwebhiriji- (Cp₁) (Cp₂) ZrCl₂ ipo yekutanga Cp ligand iri cyclopentadienyl boka, yechipiri Cp ligand ndiyo fluorenyl boka, uye bhiriji riri pakati pezviviri Cp ligands iri -CH₂-CH₂-,> SiMe₂, kana> SiPh₂. Aya maumbirwo anoshandurwa kuita polymerization catalysts nekumisikidza iwo neakakosha organoaluminum cocatalyst, methylaluminoxane (MAO).

Maindasitiri maitiro

Netsika, zvitatu zvekugadzira nzira ndiyo inonyanya kumiririra nzira yekugadzira polypropylene.

Hydrocarbon slurry kana kumiswa: Inoshandisa iyo inert hydrocarbon diluent mudhirowa kuti ifambise kutamiswa kwepropylene kune iyo inosimbisa, kubviswa kwekupisa kubva kune system, deactivation / kubvisa kweanobatsira pamwe nekuparadza iyo atactic polymer. Rudzi rwemakiredhi rwaigona kugadzirwa rwakanga rwushoma (Iyo tekinoroji yakawira mukushandiswa).

Bulk (kana yakawanda slurry): Inoshandisa fluid propylene panzvimbo yemvura inert hydrocarbon diluent. Iyo polymer hainyunguduke ikaita duraent, asi pane kudaro inokwira pamvura iyo propylene. Iyo polymer inogadzirwa inobviswa uye chero monomer isina kufanirwa inobatirwa kunze.

Gasi chikamu: Inoshandisa gaseous propylene mukubatana neiyo inosimbisa chizi, zvichikonzera mvura yakadzika-mubhedha pakati.

Manufacturing

Kunyungudutsa maitiro e polypropylene anogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuwedzera uye kuumbwa. Nzira dzekuwedzera dzinosanganisira kugadzirwa kwekunyungudika-bhuroka uye spun-bond fibers kuti vagadzire mapepa akareba ekushandurwa mune ramangwana kuve akasiyana siyana zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira, zvakadai semaski emeso, mafirita, diapure uye kupukuta.

Nzira inowanzojairika yekuumba ndeye injection kuumba, iyo inoshandiswa kwezvikamu zvakaita semikombe, ndudzi, zvimedu, zvidzitiro, midziyo, dzimba dzemukati, uye zvikamu zvemotokari zvakaita semabhatiri. Maitiro ane hukama kupora kuumbwa uye jekiseni-kutambanudza kupwanya kuumba zvinoshandiswawo, izvo zvinosanganisira zvese extrusion uye kuumba.

Huwandu hukuru hwemashandisirwo ekushandisa-polypropylene kazhinji hunogoneka nekuda kwekugona kugadzira mamakisi ane chaiwo mamorekuru ezvinhu uye zvinowedzerwa panguva yekugadzira kwawo. Semuenzaniso, antistatic zvinowedzera zvinogona kuwedzerwa kubatsira polypropylene pameso kuramba guruva uye tsvina. Mazhinji maitiro ekupedza muviri anogona kushandiswawo pane polypropylene, senge machining. Kurapa kwepamusoro kunogona kuiswa kune polypropylene zvikamu kuitira kusimudzira kunamatira kweink inodhinda uye pendi.

Biaxically yakatungamirwa polypropylene (BOPP)

Kana iyo polypropylene firimu ichiwedzeredzwa uye yakatambanudzwa mukati mayo maviri muchina kutungamira uye nepamhepo muchina kutungamira inonzi biaxically yakatarisana polypropylene. Biaxial kutaridzika kunowedzera simba uye kujekesa. BOPP inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechinhu chekuisa mumapaketi zvigadzirwa zvakadai seyekudya zvekudya, zvigadzirwa zvitsva uye confectionery. Zviri nyore kuvhara, kuprinta uye kurimisa kuti upe inodikanwa kutaridzika uye zvivakwa zvekushandisa sechinhu chakarongedzwa. Maitiro aya anowanzo kunzi kutendeuka. Iyo inowanzo gadzirwa mumakuru rolls ayo anotsvedza pamatanho ekutsvedza kuita zvidiki zvinyorwa zvekushandisa pamashini ekuisa.

Development maitiro

Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekuita hunodikanwa kune polypropylene mhando mumakore achangopfuura, mazano akasiyana-siyana uye contrivances zvakave zvakabatanidzwa muchirongwa chekugadzira polypropylene.

Pane angangoita maviri maidhi eiyo chaiyo nzira. Imwe ndeye kuvandudza kwekufanana kweye polymer chemasipi inogadzirwa uchishandisa kutenderera kwerudzi dhizaini, uye imwe yacho kuvandudza kuenzana pakati pe polymer zvimisheni zvinogadzirwa uchishandisa revhisi ine yakamanikana yekuchengeta nguva yekugovera.

Applications

Sezvo polypropylene ichidzivirira kubva mukupera simba, mapurasitiki mazhinji ekurarama mahudyu, akadai seaya ari pamabhodhoro-epamusoro mabhodhoro, akagadzirwa kubva pane izvi zvinhu. Nekudaro, izvi zvakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti macolgeles emukati anotungamirwa mukati mehudyu kuwedzera simba.

Machira matete kwazvo (~ 2-20 µm) epolypropylene anoshandiswa se dielectric mukati meimwe yekukwirisa kwepamusoro uye kushomeka-kurasikirwa maRc capacitors.

Polypropylene inoshandiswa mukugadzira pombi masisitimu; zvese zviri zviviri zvine chekuita nehutsanana-hwepamusoro uye izvo zvakagadzirirwa simba uye kuomarara (semuenzaniso izvo zvakagadzirirwa kuti zvishandiswe pombi dzemvura dzinotakurika, kudziyisa kwemhepo uye kutonhodza, uye kununura mvura). Chinyorwa ichi chinowanzo sarudzwa nekuda kwekukanganisa ngura uye kemikari leaching, kugadzikana kwayo kurwisa kwakawanda mafomu ekukuvara, kusanganisira kukanganisa uye kutonhora, kubatsira kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kugona kwayo kubatanidzwa nekupisa fusion pane kunama.

Zvizhinji zvinhu zvepurasitiki zvekushandisa pakurapa kana marabhoritari zvinogona kugadzirwa kubva polypropylene nekuti zvinogona kumira kupisa mukati meavhuchuve. Kupisa kwaro kupisa kunoitawo kuti igone kushandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira zvevatengi-giredhi ketani. Midziyo yechikafu yakagadzirwa kubva mairi hainganyunguduke mune yekuwachisa, uye usanyunguduke panguva yekuzadza kupisa kwemaindasitiri. Nechikonzero ichi, akawanda epurasitiki machubhu emakaka zvigadzirwa ari polypropylene yakavharwa nealuminium foil (zvese zviri zviviri zvinodzivirira kupisa). Mushure mekunge chigadzirwa chapora, machubhu anowanzopihwa mabhesi anogadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingasviki pakupisa, senge LDPE kana polystyrene. Midziyo yakadaro inopa yakanaka maoko-pane muenzaniso wemusiyano mune modulus, nekuti ruby ​​(yakapfava, inowoneka) kunzwa kweLDPE zvine chekuita ne polypropylene yemukobvu yakafanana ichinyatsooneka. Akabikwa, akaturikidzana, anoshandiswazve emidziyo epurasitiki akagadzirwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye saizi yevatengi kubva kumakambani akasiyana siyana seRubbermaid uye Sterilite inowanzogadzirwa polypropylene, kunyangwe machira acho achiwanzogadzirwa neLDPE inochinja zvakanyanya. mudziyo wokuvhara. Polypropylene inogonawo kugadzirwa mumabhodhoro anoraswa kuti igeze mvura, hupfu, kana zvakafanana zvigadzirwa zvevatengi, kunyangwe HDPE uye polyethylene terephthalate zvinowanzo shandiswawo kugadzira mabhodhoro. Mapepa epurasitiki, mabhatiri emota, marara, mabhegi ekunyorerwa mishonga, midziyo inotonhorera, ndiro uye zvirongo zvinowanzogadzirwa ne polypropylene kana HDPE, izvo zviviri zvinowanzo kuve nechitarisiko chakafanana, manzwiro, uye zvivakwa panopisa tembiricha.

Chishandiso chinowanzoitwa polypropylene seyakanakirwa pamhepo polypropylene (BOPP). Aya mashamba eBOPP anoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana siyana kusanganisira mabhegi akajeka. Kana polypropylene yakarongedzwa zvine hunyanzvi, inova yakajeka sekristaro uye inoshanda seyemhando yepamusoro yekurongedza zvinhu zvemhizha uye zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa

Polypropylene, ine ruvara rwakanyanya, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira makapeti, rugs nemate kuti ishandiswe pamba.

Polypropylene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumatambo, zvakasiyana nekuti iwo akareruka zvakakwana kuyangarara mumvura. Kune yakaenzana uremu uye kuvaka, polypropylene tambo yakafanana nesimba kune polyester tambo. Polypropylene inodhura zvishoma pane mamwe akawanda maumboni ekugadzira.

Polypropylene inoshandiswawo senzira yekuita polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sekuisirwa tambo dzemagetsi yeLSZH tambo munzvimbo dzakadzika-mhepo, Izvi zvinodaro nekuti inoburitsa utsi hushoma uye husina hofisi hosi, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukugadzirwa kweasidhi munzvimbo dzakanyanya kupisa.

Polypropylene inoshandiswawo kunyanya pamadziro edenga sekudzivirira mvura pamusoro peasina-ply masisitimu inopesana neyakagadziridzwa-bit masisitimu.

Polypropylene inonyanya kushandiswa kwepurasitiki kuumbwa, mairi yakaiswa muvhu ichiumbwa ichinyungudutswa, voita zvimiro zvakaoma kunzwisisa pamutengo wakaderera uye wakakwira mwero; mienzaniso inosanganisira kumusoro kwemabhodhoro, mabhodhoro, uye zvigadzirwa.

Inogona zvakare kugadzirwa mune pepa fomu, yakanyanya kushandiswa kugadzira maficha emahofisi, kurongedza, uye mabhokisi ekuchengetedza. Hupamhi hwerudzi, kusimba, mutengo wakaderera, uye kushora kune tsvina zvinoita kuti ive yakanaka sechifukidzo chekudzivirira chemapepa nezvimwe zvinhu. Iyo inoshandiswa muRubik's Cube stickers nekuda kweaya maitiro.

Kuwanika kwepepa polypropylene kwakapa mukana wekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvacho nevanogadzira. Ihuremu-huremu, hwakareba, uye hwakajeka epurasitiki inoita sosi yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwechiedza shades, uye huwandu hwekugadzira hwakagadzirwa uchishandisa zvikamu zvinowirirana kugadzira zvigadziriso.

Polypropylene mashiti ndiyo yakakurumbira sarudzo yekutengesa makadhi vateresi; aya anouya aine muhomwe (pfumbamwe for standard-size makadhi) kuti makadhi aya aiswe uye anoshandiswa kuchengetedza mamiriro avo uye anorewa kuchengetwa muchisviniro.

Yakawedzera polypropylene (EPP) fomu remuputi hwepypropylene. EPP ine maitiro akanaka kwazvo echimiro nekuda kwekuomarara kwayo; izvi zvinobvumira EPP kuti itangezve chimiro chayo mushure mekukanganisa. EPP inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mugetsi ndege uye mamwe mawairesi anodzorwa nemotokari nema hobbyists. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekukwanisa kwayo kubata zvinokanganisa, zvichiita ichi chinhu chakakodzera cheRC ndege kune vanotanga uye maAmateurs.

Polypropylene inoshandiswa mukugadzira gudzanzwi rekutyaira zvikamu. Kushandiswa kwaro kwakapayona nevanjiniya paBBC uye kodzero dzepatent dzakazotengwa neMission Electronics kuti ishandiswe mune yavo Mission Freedom Loudspeaker neMission 737 Renaissance gudzanzwi.

Polypropylene fibers inoshandiswa sekongiri yekuwedzera kuti iwedzere simba uye kuderedza kutsemuka uye kupwanya. Munzvimbo dzinokonzereswa nekudengenyeka kwenyika, kureva, California, PP faibha dzinowedzerwa nevhu rekuvandudza ivhu simba uye kunyorova kana uchivaka hwaro hwezvivakwa senge zvivakwa, mabhiriji, nezvimwe.

Polypropylene inoshandiswa mune polypropylene madhiramu.

Nguo

Polypropylene ipolymer yakakura inoshandiswa mune zvisina kuvharwa, iine pamusoro pe50% inoshandiswa manapukeni kana zvigadzirwa zvehutsanana uko kunorapwa kunwa mvura (hydrophilic) pane kungodzora mvura (hydrophobic). Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinonakidza zvisina kurukwa zvinosanganisira mafirita emhepo, gasi, uye zvinwiwa umo mafaera anogona kuumbwa kuita machira kana mawebhusaiti ayo anogona kufemerwa kuti agadzire macartridge kana zvidimbu zvinosefa mukubudirira kwakasiyana siyana mu 0.5 kusvika 30 micrometre renji. Mafomu akadaro anoitika mudzimba semafirita emvura kana mafirita-emhepo-mhando mafirita. Iyo yepamusoro yepamusoro-nharaunda uye zvakasikwa oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens inokodzera inonamira yekupararira kwemafuta nezvizivikanwi zvinoyerera padyo padyo nepadira mafuta panzizi.

Polypropylene, kana 'polypro', yanga ichishandiswa kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzinotonhora-mamiriro ekunze, shati refu-refu kana hembe dzemukati refu. Polypropylene inoshandiswa zvakare mune inodziya-mamiriro ekunze zvipfeko, mairi inotakura ziya kubuda kubva paganda. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, polyester yakatsiva polypropylene mune izvi zvinoshandiswa mumauto eU.S., senge mune ECWCS. Kunyange hazvo polypropylene hembe dzisingatsve nyore, dzinogona kunyungudika, izvo zvinogona kuguma nekutsva kwakanyanya kana iye akapfeka achibatanidzwa mukuputika kana moto wechero mhando. Polypropylene nguo dzemukati dzinozivikanwa nekuchengetedza hwema hwemuviri izvo zvinonetsa kubvisa. Chizvarwa chazvino che polyester hachina kushata uku.

Vamwe vanogadzira mafashoni vakachinjisa polypropylene kuti vagadzire zvishongo nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kupfeka.

Medical

Yakanyanya kushandiswa kwekurapa kuri mune yekugadzira, isaborbable suture Prolene.

Polypropylene yakashandiswa mune hernia uye pelvic organ prolapse kugadziridza mabasa kuchengetedza muviri kubva mutsva hernias munzvimbo imwecheteyo. Chidimbu chidiki chezvinhu chakaiswa pamusoro penzvimbo yemhodzi, pazasi peganda, uye hachirwadze uye hazviwanzo, kana chakambodaro, chakarambwa nemuviri. Nekudaro, iyo polypropylene mesh inozadza toni inoitenderedza mukati menguva isina chokwadi kubva pamazuva kusvika pamakore. Naizvozvo, iyo FDA yakapa yambiro dzakati wandei pakushandisa polypropylene mesh kurapwa kits zvekushandisa mune pelvic organ prolapse, zvakanyanyisa kana yakaunzwa pedyo nepedyo nemadziro echikadzi nekuda kwekuenderera kuri kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemashure anofambiswa nematoni kukweva kunoshumirwa nevarwere. mumakore mashoma apfuura. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, musi wa3 Ndira 2012, FDA yakaraira vagadziri makumi matatu veidzi mesh zvigadzirwa kuti vadzidze mhedzisiro yemidziyo iyi.

Pakutanga yaongororwa inert, polypropylene yakawanikwa ichidzikisira ichiri mumuviri. Iyo yakasviba zvinhu zvinoumba bark-senge iganda pane mesh fibers uye inowanzo kupwanya.

EPM ndege ndege

Kubva 2001, yakawedzera polypropylene (EPP) mafovu anga achiwana mukuzivikanwa uye mukushandisa sechinhu chakaumbwa mune hobbyist redhiyo yekudzora modhi ndege. Kusiyana neyakawedzeredzwa polystyrene foam (EPS) iyo inononoka uye inotsemuka zviri nyore pakukanganisa, EPP furo inokwanisa kutora zvinokonzerwa nekinetic musina kupaza, inochengetedza chimiro chayo chepakutanga, uye inoratidza chimiro chendangariro chimiro icho chinobvumira kuti chidzokere kuchimiro chayo chepakutanga mune pfupi nguva. Nekudaro, redhiyo-inodzora modhi iyo mapapiro uye fuselage zvakavakwa kubva EPP furo inonyanyisa kugadzikana, uye inokwanisa kupinza zvinokonzeresa izvo zvinoguma nekuparadzwa kwakazara kwemamodeli akagadzirwa kubva kune akareruka echinyakare zvigadzirwa, senge balsa kana kunyange EPS mafuro. EPP mamodheru, kana akafukidzwa neasingadhuri fiberglass akaisirwa iwo ekuzvinamatira matepi, anowanzo kuratidza yakawanda yakawedzera simba remuchina, pamwe chete neyakareruka uye yekumusoro kupedzisa iyo inokwikwidza yeavo mamodheru emhando dzambotaurwa. EPP zvakare ine chemakemikari zvakanyanya inert, ichibvumidza kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekunamatira kwakasiyana. EPP inogona kuvezwa kupisa, uye nzvimbo dzinogona kupedzwa nyore nyore nekushandisa kwekucheka maturusi uye mapepa eabrasive. Idzo nzvimbo huru dzekugadzira modhi umo EPP yakawana kugamuchirwa kukuru minda ye:

• Mhepo inofambiswa nemhepo vanofamba nemhepo
• Indoor magetsi powered profile magetsi emagetsi
• Ruoko rwakatangwa majekiseni evana vadiki

Mumunda wekutsvedza uchikwira, EPP yakawana kufarirwa kukuru uye kushandiswa, sezvo ichibvumidza kuvakwa kwema radio-anodzorwa mamodheru emagetsi esimba rakakura uye maneuverability. Nekudaro, maitiro ekurwiswa kwemawere (mashandiro evanokwikwidza vane hushamwari vari kuyedza kugogodza ndege dzeumwe neumwe kubva mumhepo nekutaurirana kwakananga) uye nhangemutange pylon mujaho zvazove zvakajairika, zvichitevera mhedzisiro yesimba rehunhu hweEPP.

Kuvaka kuvaka

Kana Cathedral paTenerife, La Laguna Cathedhe, yakagadziriswa muna 2002-2014, zvakazoonekwa kuti dzimba dzekuvharira nemarara zvainge zvisina kumira zvakanaka. Naizvozvo, idzi zvikamu zvechivakwa zvakaputswa, uye zvakatsiviwa nezvivakwa mu polypropylene. Izvi zvakataurwa sekutanga kekushandisa zvinhu izvi pachiyero ichi muzvivakwa.

Recycling

Polypropylene inogadziriswazve uye ine nhamba "5" seayo resin chitupa chiratidzo.

Kugadzirisa

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogadzirwa ne polypropylene chaizvo nekuti inosimba uye inopesana nemazhinji sol sol uye glues. Zvakare, kune mashoma mashoma eglass anowanikwa zvakananga gluing PP. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvine simba zvePP zvisiri pasi pekushanduka zvisina kukodzera zvinogona kubatanidzwa zvinogutsa nechikamu zviviri epoxy glue kana kushandisa inopisa-glue pfuti. Kugadzirira kwakakosha uye kazhinji kunobetsera kurodza kumusoro nefaira, emery pepa kana zvimwe zvinogadziriswa zvinhu kuti zvipe nani kuchengetedza glue. Zvakare zvinokurudzirwa kuchenesa nemweya yemamineral kana doro rakafanana pamberi peglue kubvisa chero mafuta kana zvimwe zvinosvibisa. Kumwe kuyedzwa kunogona kudikanwa. Kune mamwe maindasitiri magirazi anowanika PP, asi aya anogona kuve akaoma kuwana, kunyanya muchitoro chinotengesa.

PP inogona kunyungudika uchishandisa yekumhanyisa hunyanzvi nzira. Nesimbi yekumhanyisa, iyo yekuwisira mupurasitiki, yakafanana nesimbi yekunamatira pakuonekwa uye kunetesa, yakagadzirirwa tubu yekudya yeiyo epurasitiki weld tsvimbo. Iyo yekumhanyisa tip inopisa iyo tsvimbo uye substrate, nepo panguva imwecheteyo ichimanikidza iyo yakanyungudutswa weld tsvimbo munzvimbo. Bhandi repurasitiki rakapfavirira rinoradzikwa mumubatanidzwa, uye mativi pamwe neweld fuse fuse. Iine polypropylene, iyo yakanyungudutswa yekunamatira tsvimbo inofanirwa "kusanganiswa" neyemukati-yakanyungudutswa base zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kana kugadziriswa. Yekumhanyisa tip "pfuti" inonyanya kuita simbi yesimbi ine yakafara, yakapamhama tip iyo inogona kushandiswa kusungunusa weld weld pamwe nekuzadza zvinhu kugadzira bond.

Zvehutano zvine hanya

Iyo Environmental Working Boka inoronga PP seyakaderera kusvika pakati zvine njodzi. PP yakashongedzwa-dhayi, hapana mvura inoshandiswa mune yayo kudhaya, zvakasiyana nedonje.

Muna 2008, vatsvagiri muCanada vakasimbisa kuti quaternary ammonium biocides uye oleamide yaibuda mune imwe polypropylene labware, ichikanganisa miedzo yekuedza. Sezvo polypropylene ichishandiswa mune yakawandisa yemidziyo yechikafu yakaita senge iyo yogati, mutauri wenhau dzehutano kuCanada, Paul Duchesne, vakati department rinenge richiongorora zvawanikwa kuti zvionekwe kana matanho anodiwa kuchengetedza vatengi.