Mukuisa kwemagetsi kana system yemagetsi yekupa a mhete yehurongwa or systeming system inobatanidza zvimwe zvikamu zveiyo yekumisikidza neyePasi inoitisa pamusoro pekuchengetedza uye zvinoshanda zvinangwa. Iyo poindi yekureva ndeye yepasi inoitisa pamusoro, kana pazvikepe, pamusoro pegungwa. Sarudzo yepasi system inogona kukanganisa chengetedzo uye electromagnetic kuenderana kwekuisirwa. Mitemo yemasisitimu epasi anosiyana zvakanyanya pakati penyika uye pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemagetsi, kunyangwe akawanda achiteedzera kurudziro yeInternational Electrotechnical Commission inotsanangurwa pazasi.

Ichi chinyorwa chinongobata kudzika kwemagetsi emagetsi. Enzaniso dzemamwe masisitimu ezvekunze akanyorwa pazasi aine ma link ezvinyorwa:

• Kuti udzivirire chimiro kubva pakurova kwemheni, kutungamira mheni kuburikidza nejira rekunze uye mune tsvimbo yepasi pane kupfuura nenzira.
• Sechikamu chesimbi yevhu imwe inodzosera simba nemasaini mitsara, senge yakashandiswa kune yakaderera mvura yekutarisa kuburitsa uye neye teregiramu mitsara.
• Mune redhiyo, sevhu repasi rakakura re monopole antenna.
• Sezvo anowedzera magetsi chiyero kune mamwe marudzi eredhiyo manenji, senge ma felles.
• Seyo feed-point yevhu dipole antenna yeVLF uye ELF radio.

Zvinangwa zvemagetsi mhete

Inodzivirira nzeve

KuUK “Earthing” ndiko kubatana kwezvikamu zvakafumurwa-zvekumisikidza zvekumisikidza nenzira dzekudzivirira kune "main earthing terminal", iyo yakabatana ne electrode inosangana nepamusoro penyika. A kudzivirira conductor (PE) (inozivikanwa se zvishandiso kudzika conductor muUS National Electrical Code) inodzivirira njodzi yemagetsi nekuchengeta yakafumuka-inoita nzvimbo yezvigadzirwa zvakabatana padyo nepasi zvinogona kuita mukukanganisa mamiriro. Kana pakaitika mhosho, yazvino inobvumidzwa kuyerera pasi nehurongwa hwepasi. Kana izvi zvakanyanyisa kuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro kweiyo fiyuzi kana redunhu breaker kuchashanda, nekudaro kudzivirira dunhu uye kubvisa chero zvikanganiso-zvinokonzereswa nematanho kubva kune akafumurwa-mafambiro. Kukamurwa uku chinhu chakakosha chetsika yemazuva ano yewiring tsika uye inonzi "otomatiki Kubviswa kweKupa" (ADS). Huwandu hunobvumidzwa hwepasi kukanganisa loop impedance tsika uye hunhu hwezvakanyanya dziviriro zvishandiso zvakanyatsotsanangurwa mumagetsi chengetedzo mirau kuona izvi zvichiitika nekukasira uye nepo ichizara ichiyerera zvine njodzi voltages isingaitike pane inoitisa nzvimbo. Kudzivirirwa kuri nekudaro kudzikamisa kukwirira kwemagetsi uye nekureba kwayo.

Iyo yakasarudzika ndeye dziviriro pakadzika - senge yakasimbiswa kana yakapetwa kaviri - uko kutadza kwakazvimiririra kwakawanda kunofanira kuitika kufumura mamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi.

Basa rinoshanda

A anoshanda pasi kubatana kunoshanda chimwe chinangwa kunze kwekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi, uye kunogona kutakura zvazvino sechikamu chekushanda kwese. Muenzaniso unonyanya kukosha wevhu rinoshanda ndere kusarerekera mune yegetsi yemagetsi kana iri izvozvi conductor inosungirwa kunevhu electrode pane kunobva magetsi emagetsi. Mimwe mienzaniso yemidziyo inoshandisa inosevenzesa ivhu kubatanidza inosanganisira vanomanikidza vanovhiya uye magetsi emagetsi anopindira mafirita.

Low-voltage masisitimu

Mune akadzika-magetsi ekuparadzira netiweki, ayo anogovera simba remagetsi kukirasi yakafararira yevashandisi vekupedzisira, kunetsekana kukuru kwekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwevatengi vanoshandisa zvishandiso zvemagetsi uye kudzivirirwa kwavo kumagetsi. Iyo yekuvhuvhu sisitimu, pamwe chete nemidziyo yekudzivirira yakadai sefiyuzi uye zvakasara zvazvino zvigadzirwa, inofanirwa pakupedzisira kuona kuti munhu haafanire kusangana nechinhu chesimbi chine simba rehukama pane kugona kwemunhu chinopfuura chikumbaridzo "chakachengeteka", chinowanzoiswa panenge 50 V.

Pamagetsi emagetsi ane system voltage ye240 V kusvika 1.1 kV, ayo anonyanya kushandiswa mumaindasitiri / emigodhi michina / michina panzvimbo peanowanikwa pachena, dhizaini dhizaini yakakosha zvakaenzana kubva pakuchengetedza maonero sevashandisi vekumba.

Munyika zhinji dzakabudirira, 220 V, 230 V, kana 240 V zvigadziko zvine vanhu vakafonerwa zvakaunzwa pamberi kana kuti nguva pfupi yapfuura Hondo Yenyika II, kunyangwe paine kusiana kukuru kwenyika mukuzivikanwa MuUnited States neCanada, zana nemakumi maviri emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi akaiswa pamberi pemakore ekuma120 kazhinji haana kusanganisira pini (yepasi) pini. Munyika ichiri kusimukira, iko kwekutenderera wiring maitiro hakugone kupa chinongedzo kupini yekukwiridzira yechiteshi.

Mukushaikwa kwepasi rekupa, zvishandiso zvinoda kubatana kwepasi zvaiwanzoshandisa kupi kwazvakarerekera. Vamwe vakashandisa tsvimbo dzepasi dzakatsaurirwa. Mazhinji 110 V zvishandiso zvine polarized plugs kuchengetedza musiyano pakati pe "mutsara" ne "kwazvakarerekera", asi kushandisa kupihwa kwazvakarerekera zvemidziyo yepasi kunogona kunetsa zvakanyanya. "Mutsetse" uye "kwazvakarerekera" zvinogona kuchinjika netsaona mune inobuda kana plug, kana iyo yekusarerekera-kune-pasi kubatana kunogona kutadza kana kuiswa zvisirizvo. Kunyangwe akajairwa mutoro mafashama mune asina kwazvakarerekera anogona kuunza ine njodzi magetsi madonhwe. Nezvikonzero izvi, nyika zhinji parizvino dzakaraira kwakabatana kuzvidzivirira kwepasirese kubatana izvo zvave kungove zvepasi rose.

Kana nzira yekukanganisa pakati pezvinhu yakashongedzwa netsaona uye neinobatika dhizaini yakaderera, kukanganisa iko zvino kuchave kwakakura kwazvo zvekuti mudziyo wekudzivirira wakanyanya (fuse kana wedunhu rakaputswa) uchavhura kuti ubvise mhosva yepasi. Iko iyo iripo yehurongwa isinga ripe yakaderera-impedance simbi conductor pakati pemidziyo yekuvharirwa uye kupihwa kudzoka kwekufambisa (senge muTT yakaparadzaniswa neyakanyungudutswa system), mhomho dzakakoromoka diki, uye hadzishandi kushanda kwekudzivirira kwakanyanya. Mukudaro zvinhu zvakasara izvozvi detector inoiswa kuti itarise iripo iripo pasi uye kukanganisa mudunhu.

Terminology yeIEC

International standard IEC 60364 inosiyanisa mhuri nhatu dzekuronga mhete, vachishandisa maviri-mavara kodhi TN, TT, uye IT.

Tsamba yekutanga inoratidza hukama pakati penyika nemagetsi-epi zvekushandisa (jenareta kana shanduri):

"T" - Kubatana kwakananga kwechinhu nepasi (Latin: terra)

"Ini" - Hapana poindi yakabatana nepasi (kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe), kunze kwekunge pamwe nekukwiridzira kwakakwirira.

Tsamba yechipiri inoratidza kubatana pakati penyika kana netiweki uye chishandiso chemagetsi chiri kupihwa:

"T" - Earth kubatana ndeyemunharaunda zvakananga kubatana nepasi (Latin: terra), kazhinji kuburikidza nevhu tsvimbo.

"N" -Pasi kubatana kunopihwa neye magetsi magetsi Network, ingave seyakaparara inodzivirira yepasi (PE) conductor kana yakasanganiswa neyaivererekera conductor.

Mhando dzeTN network

mune TN mhete yehurongwa, imwe yemapenisi mune jenareta kana shanduko yakabatana nepasi, kazhinji nyeredzi nyeredzi mune matatu-chikamu system. Muviri wechigadzirwa chemagetsi chakabatana nepasi kuburikidza neiyi pasi kubatana kune transformer. Iyi gadziriro chiyero chazvino chekugara uye maindasitiri emagetsi masisitimu kunyanya muEurope.

Iyo kondakita inobatanidza yakafumurwa esimbi zvikamu zvemutengi yekuisa magetsi inonzi inodzivirira pasi. Kondakita uyo anobatanidza nenongedzo yeyeyeye muchikamu chetatu-chikamu, kana iyo inotakura iyo yekudzoka ikozvino mune imwe-chikamu system, inonzi pakati nepakati (N. Matatu akasiyana eTN masisitimu anosiyaniswa:

TN − S

PE naN ndeakasiyana makondakita akabatana pamwechete chete pedyo nesimba remagetsi.

TN − C

Iyo PEN inoitisa conductor inozadzisa mabasa ese ari maviri PE uye N anoitisa. (pane 230 / 400v masisitimu anowanzo kushandiswa chete kune ma network network)

TN − C − S

Chikamu chegadziriro yacho chinoshandisa conductor yakabatana yePEN, iyo pane imwe nhambo inopatsanurana kuita mitsara yePF neN. Iyo PEN conductor inobatanidzwa inowanzoitika pakati pekuiswa uye nzvimbo yekupinda muchivako, uye pasi uye kusarerekera kwakaparadzaniswa mumusoro webasa. MuUK, system ino inozivikanwawo se dziviriro yakawandisa yedare (PME), nekuda kwechiitiko chekubatanidza iyo isina kusangana-uye-pasi conductor kune chaiyo pasi munzvimbo dzakawanda, kuderedza njodzi yekushamisika kwemagetsi mune chiitiko chePEN conductor chakaputsika. Masisitimu akafanana muAustralia neNew Zealand anodudzirwa se kuwanda kwakawanda kusapindirana (MEN) uye, kuNorth America, se ruzhinji-rwakatemerwa nyika (MGN).

Izvo zvinokwanisika kuve zvese zviri zviviri TN-S uye TN-CS zvekushandisa zvakatorwa kubva kune imwechete transformer. Semuenzaniso, sheaths pane dzimwe tambo dzepasi pevhu dzinokanganisa uye dzinomira kupa hutano hwakanaka hwepasi, uye saka dzimba uko kukwirira kwakasimba "pasi rakaipa" kunowanikwa kunogona kuchinjirwa kuTN-CS. Izvi zvinongogoneka pane netiweki kana kwazvakarerekera zvine mutsindo pakukundikana, uye kutendeuka hakuwanzo kuitika. Iyo PEN inofanirwa kuve yakakodzera kusimbiswa pakukundikana, seyakavhurika redunhu PEN inogona kufadza izere phase voltage pane chero yakafumurwa simbi yakabatana neiyo system pasi penzvimbo yepaburi. Iyo imwe nzira ndeyekupa yepano pasi uye kushandurira kuTT. Iko kukwezva kukuru kweTN network ndeye yakaderera impedance pasi nzira inobvumira nyore otomatiki kudimbura (ADS) pane yakakwira yazvino dunhu mune iyo mutsara-kusvika-PE pfupi wedunhu sezvo imwecheteyo breaker kana fuse ichashanda chero ingave LN kana L -PE zvikanganiso, uye iyo RCD haina kudikanwa kuti uone pasi kutadza.

TT network

mune TT (Terra-Terra) earthing system, inodzivirira pasi kubatanidza kune mutengi inopihwa neiyo yepano pasi electrode, (dzimwe nguva inonzi seTerra-Firma kubatana) uye kune imwe yakazvimiririra yakaiswa pane iyo jenareta. Iko hakuna 'yepasi waya' pakati pezviviri. Iyo yekukanganisa loop impedance yakakwira, uye kunze kwekunge iyo electrode impedance iri yakadzika kwazvo zvirokwazvo, iyo TT kuisirwa inofanirwa kugara iine RCD (GFCI) seyayo yekutanga kuzviparadzanisa.

Kubatsira kukuru kweiyo TT pasi system ndiyo kudzikiswa kunoitiswa kubva kune vamwe vashandisi 'yakabatana michina. TT yakagara ichisarudzika kune akakosha mashandisirwo senge nharembozha nzvimbo dzinobatsirwa nekusavhiringidzwa-kusununguka kwevhu. Zvakare, network dzeTT hadziise chero njodzi dzakakomba mune yekusagadzikana kwazvakarerekera. Pamusoro pezvo, munzvimbo dzinogoverwa simba pamusoro, vafambisi venyika havasi mungozi yekurarama kana chero mukuru wekuparadzira conductor akatsemurwa ne, toti, muti wadonha kana bazi.

Munguva yepamberi paRCD, iyo TT yekutsvaira system yakanga isingafarire kushandiswa kwese nekuda kwekuoma kuronga yakavimbika otomatiki disconnection (ADS) mune yetsetse-kune-PE pfupi dunhu (kana ichienzaniswa neTN masystem kana fuse ichashanda kune LN kana L-PE kukanganisa. Asi sezvo izvo zvasara zvishandiso zvazvino zvinodzora izvi zvakashata, iyo yeTT yekutanga system yave kuwedzera kutaridzika ichipa kuti ese ma AC macircuit akachengetedzwa RCD. Mune dzimwe nyika (senge UK) inokurudzirwa pamamiriro ezvinhu apo nzvimbo yekudzikira isingakwanisi kuchengetedzwa nekusungwa, paine zvakakosha wiring yekunze, senge midziyo yekuenda kudzimba dzinotakurika uye kumwe kurimwa, kana kune yakanyanya mhosva iripo. inogona kuisa imwe njodzi, sekunge munzvimbo dzinowanikwa mafuta kana marinas.

Iyo TT mhete yehurongwa inoshandiswa muJapan yose, ine zvikamu zveRCD munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemaindasitiri. Izvi zvinogona kumanikidza zvinowedzerwa pane zvinoshandurwa frequency dhiraivha uye inoshandurwa-modhiyo magetsi masimba ayo anowanzove aine mafirita akanyanya kupfuudza yakakwirira frequency ruzha kune wepasi conductor.

IT network

In imwe IT network, iyo magetsi yekuparadzira system haina chekubatanidza nepasi zvachose, kana kuti inongova neiyo yakakwirira yekuvhiringidza kubatana.

kuenzanisa

Mamwe mazwi

Nepo mirau yenyika yewiring yezvivakwa zvenyika zhinji ichiteera mazwi eIEC 60364, kuNorth America (United States neCanada), izwi rekuti "conductor grounding conductor" rinoreva nzvimbo dzekushandisa uye waya dzepasi pamaseketi ebazi, uye "grounding electrode conductor" inoshandiswa kune vafambisi vanobatanidza pasi yepasi tsvimbo (kana yakafanana) kune yebasa panhare. "Akadzika conductor" ndiyo system "isina kwayakarerekera" Australia neNew Zealand zviyero zvinoshandisa yakagadziridzwa PME earthing system inonzi Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). Iyo kwazvakarerekera yakavakirwa pasi (yakavhurwa) panzvimbo yega yega yebasa revatengi nokudaro ichinyatso kuunza iwo musiyano unokwanisa musiyano kusvika zero pamwe nehurefu hwese hwemitsetse yeLV. MuUK uye nedzimwe nyika dzeCommonwealth, izwi rekuti "PNE", zvichireva kuti Phase-Neutral-Earth inoshandiswa kuratidza kuti vatatu (kana kupfuura kune vasina-chikamu-chikamu chinobatanidza) ma conductor anoshandiswa, kureva, PN-S.

Kudzivirirwa-kwakadzika mune zvematongerwo enyika (India)

Zvakafanana neHT system, resistance earth system inoziviswawo zvekuchera muIndia seCentral Electricity Authority Regulations yeLT system (1100 V> LT> 230 V). Panzvimbo pevhu rakasimba renyeredzi kwazvakarerekera poindi kukodzera kwazvakarerekera kusagadzikana kusagadzikana (NGR) kwakawedzerwa pakati, kuchidzora kuburitsa kwepasi parizvino kusvika pa750 mA. Nekuda kwekukanganisa ikozvino kurambidzwa zvakachengeteka zvakanyanya kumigodhi yegasi.

Sezvo kuvuza kwepasi kuchirambidzwa, kudzivirirwa kwekudonha kune muganho wepamusoro wekuisa ma750 mA chete. Mune solid earthed system leakage yazvino inogona kukwira kupfupi redunhu razvino, pano rakatemerwa kusvika pazvakakwana 750 mA. Izvi zvinorambidzwa kushanda kwazvino zvinoderedza huwandu hwekushanda kwekugona kwekudzivirira relay kudzivirirwa. Kukosha kwekuchengetedza uye kwakachengetedzeka kudzivirirwa kwakawedzera kuchengetedzeka, pakurwiswa nemagetsi mumigodhi.

Muchirongwa ichi pane mukana wekuti kupikiswa kwakabatana kuvhurike. Kudzivirira iyi yekuwedzera kuchengetedza kutarisa kupesana kunoiswa, iyo inodzima simba kana iri mhosva.

Earth kuvhara kuchengetedza

Pasi Leakage yazvino inogona kukuvadza zvikuru vanhu, kana ikapfuura nepakati pavo. Kuti tidzivise netsaona kuvhunduka nemagetsi emagetsi / zvishandiso zvepasi leakage relay / sensor zvinoshandiswa panzvimbo kuti zviparadzanise simba kana kuvuza kuchidarika imwe muganho. Pasi rinodonhedza redunhu mudariki rinoshandiswa kuitira chinangwa. Ikozvino yekuona breaker inonzi RCB / RCCB. Mumashandisirwo emabhizimusi, Earth leakage relays anoshandiswa neakasiyana CT (yazvino transformer) inonzi CBCT (yakakosha yakaenzana yazvino transformer) iyo inonzwisisika leakage yazvino (zero chikamu kuteedzana kwazvino) cheiyo system kuburikidza neyechipiri yeCBCT uye izvi zvinoshanda kudzosera. Kudzivirirwa uku kunoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemamirioni-Ampu uye kunogona kusetwa kubva pamakumi matatu emama kusvika 30 mA.

Pasi kubatanidza kutarisa

A akasiyana mutyairi wepakati p inomhanya kubva kugovera / zvishandiso zvekupa system kuwedzera kune yepasi musimboti. Pasi kubatana kwekutarisa sisitimu yakarongedzwa kumagumo ekutsvagiridza ayo anoramba achitarisa kubatana kwepasi. Mutyairi wekutanga p anotanga kubva kune iyi yekutarisa mudziyo uye unomhanya kuburikidza nekubatanidza trailing tambo iyo inowanzopa magetsi ekufambisa emigodhi michina (LHD). Iyi yakakomba p yakabatana nepasi pamugumo wekuparadzira kuburikidza nedhode diode, iyo inopedzisa iyo dunhu remagetsi rakatangwa kubva kuheke mudziyo. Kana kubatana kwepasi nemotokari kukatyorwa, ino mutyairi wedanho rakabviswa, mudziyo unochengetedza unogadziriswa pakupedzisa uye, paradzanisa simba remuchina. Mhando iyi yedunhu inofanirwa nemidziyo inotakurika yemagetsi iri kushandiswa pasi pezvimbambaira.

Properties

mutengo

• TN network inochengetedza mutengo weakadzika-impedance wepasi kubatana pane saiti yega yega mutengi. Kubatana kwakadaro (yakavigwa simbi simbi) inodikanwa kuti ipe inodzivirira pasi mune IT uye TT masisitimu.
• TN-C network inochengetedza mutengo weyekuwedzera conductor inodikanwa yekuparadzanisa N uye PE kubatana. Nekudaro, kuderedza njodzi yekutsemuka kwakaputswa, dzakakosha tambo mhando uye yakawanda yekubatanidza pasi inodiwa.
• TT network inoda chaiyo RCD (Ground kukanganisa inodzikisira) dziviriro.

chengetedzo

• MuTN, chikanganiso chekuisa chinogona kutungamira chakakwira kapfupi-padunhu izvo zvinozokonzeresa anonyanya kuwanda wedunhu- kana fuse uye nekubvisa maL conductors. NeTT masisitimu, iyo nyika kukanganisa loop impingance inogona kunge yakanyanyisa kuti iite izvi, kana yakakwira zvakanyanya kuti iite mukati menguva inodiwa, saka RCD (yaimbova ELCB) inowanzo shanda. Pakutanga TT kumisikidza inogona kushaya ichi chakakosha chengetedzo, kubvumira iyo CPC (Dunhu Rinodzivirira conductors kana PE) uye pamwe inosangana nesimbi zvikamu mukati mekusvikwa nevanhu (yakafumurwa-inodzidzisa-zvikamu uye yekuwedzera-inoyerera-mitezo) kuti ishandiswe kwenguva yakareba kwenguva pasi pemhosva. mamiriro, ayo ari njodzi chaiyo.
• MuTN-S uye TT masisitimu (uye muTN-CS asingasviki panopatsanurwa), chinhu chinosara-chazvino chinogona kushandiswa pakudzivirirwa. Mukushaikwa kweanenge chero mhosva yekuisa mukati memutengi mudziyo, iyo equation I_L1+I_L2+I_L3+I_N = 0 inobata, uye RCD inogona kukatanura kuisirwa iko kungoita panosvika chiyero ichi (kazhinji 10 mA - 500 mA). Mhosva yekudzivirira pakati peL kana N uye PE inotangisa RCD ine mukana wakakura.
• Mune IT uye TN-C mawebhu, zvishandiso zvazvino zvirinani zvakaderera kuwana mukana wekukanganisa. Mune TN-C sisitimu, ivo vanozovawo zvakanyanya panjodzi dzekusafambiswa kubva pakubata pakati pevashandisi vepasi pematunhu pane akasiyana maRCD kana paine pasi chaiko, nokudaro vachiita kuti kushandiswa kwavo kusashande. Zvakare, maRCDs anowanzo kuparadzanisa iyo isina kusimba. Sezvo zvisina kuchengetedzeka kuita izvi muTN-C system, maRCD paTN-C anofanirwa kuve wired kuti angokanganisa mutsara conductor.
• Mune imwechete-inopera single-phase system uko Pasi uye kusarerekera zvakasanganiswa (TN-C, uye chikamu cheTN-CS masisitimu anoshandisa akasanganisika pamwe nepasi musimboti), kana paine dambudziko rekusangana muPEN conductor, ipapo zvikamu zvese zvehurongwa hwezevezeze hwekutambisa zvichasimuka kune zvinogoneka zveL conductor. Mune isina mwero mizhinji-chikamu system, mukana weinzeve system unoenda kune iwo weinonyanya kurongedzwa mutsara conductor. Iko kukwira kwakadaro mukukwanisa kwe kusarerekera kupfuura kwekupaza kunozivikanwa se kusarerekera kwazvakarerekera. Naizvozvo, kubatana kweTN-C hakufanirwe kuyambuka plug / socket kubatanidza kana tambo dzinochinjika, uko kune mukana wepamusoro wezvinetso zvekutaurirana pane neyakagadziriswa wiring. Iko kune zvakare njodzi kana tambo ikakuvara, iyo inogona kudzikiswa nekushandiswa kweyakaomarara tambo yekuvaka uye akawanda epasi ma electrode. Nekuda kwe (diki) njodzi dzekurasika kwazvakarerekera kumutsa 'earthed' basa resimbi kune mukana une njodzi, pamwe nekuwedzera njodzi yekukatyamadza kubva padhuze nekusangana kwakanaka nepasi rechokwadi, kushandiswa kweTN-CS zvigadzirwa kwakarambidzwa kuUK kune karavhani nzvimbo uye kumahombekombe zvinopihwa zvikepe, uye zvakaodzwa moyo zvakanyanya kuti zvishandiswe mumapurazi nenzvimbo dzekuvaka dzekunze, uye mune dzakadai zvinokurudzirwa kugadzira tambo dzese dzekunze TT neRCD uye yakasarudzika pasi electrode
• Mune IT masystem, chikanganiso chimwechete chekuisa hachikwanisi kukonzera mafungu ane njodzi kuyerera nemuviri wemunhu achibatana nepasi, nekuti hapana danho-rakadzika rekudzvinyirira iripo redunhu rakadai kuyerera. Nekudaro, chikanganiso chekutanga chekuisa chinogona kunyatso shandura iyo IT system muTN system, uyezve chikanganiso chekuisa chechipiri chinogona kutungamira kune njodzi dzemuviri mafungu. Zvakaipisisa, mune yakawanda-chikamu chegadziriro, kana imwe yemitsetse conductors ichiita kubatana nepasi, zvinoita kuti imwe chikamu cores ikwire kune chikamu-chikamu chevhesi yepedyo hama yepasi pane iyo phase-kusarerekera voltage. IT masisitimu zvakare inoona yakakura inononoka yakawedzera kupfuura mamwe masystem.
• MuTN-C uye TN-CS masisitimu, chero hukama pakati pezvisina kusangana-uye-pasi musimboti uye muviri wepasi unogona kupedzisira wakakura wakakura zvazvazvino mumamiriro akajairwa, uye unogona kutakura zvakatowanda pasi pemamiriro akaputsika zvematongerwo enyika. Naizvozvo, mainipiro anokodzera ekubatanidza vafambisi anofanirwa kuverengerwa aine izvi mupfungwa; kushandiswa kweTN-CS hakugoneki mumamiriro ezvinhu senge peturu zviteshi, uko kune mubatanidzwa wemasimbi akawanda akavigwa uye magasi anoputika.

Electromagnetic inoenderana

• Mune TN-S uye TT masisitimu, mutengi ane yakadzika-ruzha kubatana kune pasi, iyo isingatamburi nemagetsi anoonekwa paN conductor semugumisiro wemakiromita anodzoka uye kukanganisa kweiyo conductor. Izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya nedzimwe mhando dzezvekufonerana uye zviyero zvekushandisa.
• Mune TT masisitimu, mutengi wega wega ane hukama hwayo nepasi, uye haazoone chero mafungu angangokonzerwa nevamwe vatengi pane yakagovaniswa PE line.

Mitemo

• MuUnited States National Electrical Code uye Canada Electrical Code iyo yekudya kubva kune yekuparadzira transformer inoshandisa yakasangana isina kwayakarerekera uye pasi conductor, asi mukati mechimiro chakaparadzaniswa chisina kwazvakarerekera uye chinodzivirira pasi ma conductor anoshandiswa (TN-CS). Iyo kwazvakarerekera inofanirwa kuve yakabatana nepasi chete padivi rekupa iro mutengi anodzima switch.
• MuArgentina, France (TT) neAustralia (TN-CS), vatengi vanofanirwa kupa yavo pachavo kubatana pasi.
• Japan inotongwa nemutemo wePSE, uye inoshandisa TT mhete mukuisa kwakawanda.
• MuAustralia, iyo Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN) earthing system inoshandiswa uye inotsanangurwa mu Chikamu 5 che AS 3000. Kune mutengi weLV, iri TN-C system kubva kune inoshandura mumugwagwa kuenda kune zvivakwa, (kusarerekera kuri yakadzora kakawanda padivi pechikamu ichi), uye TN-S system mukati megadziriro, kubva kuChiratidzo Chechishboard chakadzika pasi. Inotaridzika seyese, iri TN-CS system.
• MuDenmark iyo yakakwira voltage voltage (Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen) uye Malaysia iyo Electricity Ordinance 1994 inotaura kuti vese vatengi vanofanira kushandisa TT mhete, asi mune zvisingawanzoitika TN-CS inogona kubvumidzwa (inoshandiswa nenzira imwecheteyo muUnited States). Mitemo yakasiyana kana zvasvika kumakambani makuru.
• MuIndia seCentral Electricity Authority Regulations, CEAR, 2010, mutemo 41, pane kupihwa kwepasi, kwazvakarerekera waya we3-chikamu, 4-waya sisitimu uye yechitatu tambo yechipiri- chikamu, 2-waya system. Earthing inofanira kuitwa neaviri akapatsanuka kubatana. Grounding system zvakare kuve nemashoma maviri kana anopfuura epasi makomba (electrode) zvekuti kukamurwa kwakakodzera kunoitika. Sezvinoenderana nemutemo 3, kumisikidzwa nemutoro uri pamusoro pe42 kW inodarika 5 V ichave neyakafanira Pasi inodonhedza mudziyo unodzivirira kusiyanisa mutoro kana paine kukanganisa kwepasi kana kubuda.

Mienzaniso yekushandisa

• Munzvimbo dze UK umo pasi pevhu simba remubatanidzwa rakazara, iyo TN-S system yakajairika.
• MuIndia LT kugovera kazhinji kazhinji kuburikidza neTN-S system. Neutral inowanikwa zvakapetwa kaviri pakugovera transformer. Neutral nepasi zvinomhanya zvakasiyana pane yekugovera pamusoro pemutsara / tambo. Iwo akaparadzanisa conductor pamusoro wepamusoro mitsetse uye kubatwa kwetambo dzinoshandiswa kubatana kwepasi. Kuwedzerwa nyika marodrodes / makomba akaiswa pamushandisi wemushandisi wekusimbisa pasi.
• Dzimba zhinji dzemazuva ano muEurope dzine TN-CS earthing system. Iko kusabatana kwazvakarerekera uye pasi kunoitika pakati peiyo padyo sisitimu yekuchinjisa uye sevhisi yakatemwa (iyo fuse pamberi pemita). Mushure meizvi, pasi rakapatsanurwa uye asina kwazvakarerekera macores anoshandiswa mune ese epamukati wiring.
• Dzimba dzekare nedhorobha dzimba muUK dzinowanzove neTN-S zvekushandisa, nehukama hwepasi hununurwa kuburikidza nemahara ekutungamira eiyo yepasi pevhu inotungamira-uye-pepa tambo.
• Dzimba dzevakuru muNorway dzinoshandisa iyo IT system asi dzimba nyowani dzichishandisa TN-CS.
• Dzimwe dzimba dzevakuru, kunyanya dziya dzakavakwa isati yagadzirwa yevanosara-pari zvino wedunhu vanotsemuka uye vachidzvanya nharaunda nharaunda nhare, vanoshandisa mukati-imba TN-C kurongeka. Iyi haichisiri yakakurudzirwa tsika.
• Makamuri emarabhoritari, zvivakwa zvekurapa, nzvimbo dzekuvaka, dzimba dzekugadziriswa, mafoni emagetsi anofambiswa, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopihwa kuburikidza neinjini-jenareta apo kune njodzi yakawandisa yekukanganisa kwekufambisa, vanowanzoshandisa iyo IT yekutakura hurongwa hwakapihwa kubva kuzvishanduri vanozvishandura. Kugadzirisa zvinhu zviviri-zvinokanganisa neIT masystem, vanogadzirisa voga vanofanirwa kugovera hushoma huwandu hwemitoro yega yega uye vanofanirwa kudzivirirwa nemagetsi ekuchidzira (inowanzo shandiswa chete nachiremba, njanji kana nemauto IT masisitimu, nekuda kwemutengo).
• Munzvimbo dziri kure, uko mutengo weakawedzera PE conductor unodarika mutengo wekubatana wepasi pano, maTT maTV anowanzo shandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya munzvimbo dzevakuru kana kumaruwa, uko kuchengetedzwa kungangodaro kuchityisidzirwa nekuputika kweimwe nzvimbo. pamusoro pePe conductor na, toti, davi remuti rakawa. TT inopa kune mumwe munhu zvivakwa inoonekwawo mumazhinji TN-CS masisitimu panowanikwa imwe munhu midziyo seyakakodzera TN-CS kupihwa.
• MuAustralia, New Zealand neIsrael iyo TN-CS system iri kushandiswa; zvisinei, iyo wiring mitemo parizvino inotaura kuti, pamusoro pezvo, mutengi wega-wega anofanirwa kupa kubatana kwakabatana nepasi kuburikidza nezvose zviri zviviri pombi yemvura (kana mapaipi esimbi emvura achipinda munzvimbo yemutengi) uye yakazvipira pasi electrode. MuAustralia neNew Zealand izvi zvinodaidzwa kuti Multiple Earthed Neutral Link kana MEN Link. Iyi MEN Link inobviswa pakuisa kwekuyedza, asi yakabatana panguva yekushandisa chero yekukiya system (Locknuts semuenzaniso) kana maviri kana anopfuura screws. MuMEN system, kuvimbika kweanorerekera kwakanyanya. MuAustralia, kumisikidzwa kutsva kunofanirawo kusunga kongiri yekusimbisa-kusimbisa pasi penzvimbo dzakanyorova kune muitisi wepasi (AS3000), kazhinji ichiwedzera saizi yepasi, uye inopa ndege ye equipotential munzvimbo dzakaita sekugezera. Pakumisikidzwa kwekare, hazvishamise kuwana chete bhaipi remvura, uye inobvumidzwa kuramba yakadaro, asi iro rekuwedzera pasi electrode rinofanirwa kuiswa kana paine basa rekuvandudza raitwa. Iyo inodzivirira ivhu uye isina kwazvakaregedza ma conductor anosanganiswa kusvikira mutengi asina kwazvakarerekera chinongedzo (chiri padivi pevatengi padivi pemagetsi meteri kwazvakarerekera kubatana - - pamusoro peiyi nzvimbo, inodzivirira pasi uye vasina kwazvakaregedza makondakita akaparadzana.

Yakakwirira-voltage masisitimu

Mune ma-high-voltage network (pamusoro pe1 kV), ayo ari mashoma kusvika kune veruzhinji, tarisiro yekugadzirisa system dhizaini ishoma pane kuchengetedzeka uye zvakanyanya pakuvimbika kwekugovera, kuvimbika kwekudzivirira, uye kukanganisa pamidziyo pamberi dunhu pfupi. Ukuru chete hwechikamu-kune-pasi mapfupi maseketi, ayo akajairika, anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nesarudzo yevhu system, sezvo nzira yazvino iri yakavharwa kupfuura nepasi. Matatu-chikamu HV / MV magetsi shanduko, ari munzvimbo dzekugovera, ndiwo manyuko akajairika ekugovera ekuparadzira netiweki, uye mhando yevhu yekusarerekera kwavo kwazvakarerekera ndiyo inogadzirisa pasi system.

Kune mhando shanu dzekusatenga zvemukati mhete:

• Mafuta-akadzika mukati
• Yakadzidziswa kusarerekera
• Kudzivisa-kwakadzika mukati
  • Low-inodzivirira mhete
  • Yakakwirira-inodzivirira mhete
• Reactance-yakadzika mukati
• Uchishandisa mhete shanduro (senge Zigzag mushanduro)

Mafuta-akadzika mukati

In rakasimba or zvakananga yevhu isina kwayakarerekera, inoshandura nyeredzi poindi yakabatana yakananga pasi. Mune ino mhinduro, yakaderera-impedance nzira inopihwa yepasi mhosva iripo kuti ivhare uye, semhedzisiro, iwo hukuru hwavo hwakaenzana neatatu-chikamu kukanganisa mhirizhonga. Sezvo kwazvakarerekera zvinoramba zviri pazvinogona kuswedera padhuze nepasi, ma voltages muzvikamu zvisina kukanganiswa anoramba ari pamatanho akafanana neakakanganisa kare; nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho, ino sisitimu inogara ichishandiswa mune yakakwira-voltage kutapurirana network, uko kuputira mitengo kwakakwira.

Kudzivisa-kwakadzika mukati

Kugadzirisa pfupi wedunhu repasi kukanganisa kuwedzera kwazvakarerekera kusagadzikana kusagadzikana (NGR) inowedzerwa pakati pekusarerekera, inoshandura nyeredzi poindi nepasi.

Low-inodzivirira mhete

Nekudzivirira kwakaderera kukanganisa ikozvino muganho wakaenzana. MuIndia inorambidzwa makumi mashanu A kuvhurwa madhiri emigodhi seyese Central Electricity Chiremera Mitemo, CEAR, 50, kutonga zana.

Yakadzidziswa kusarerekera

In kuvhurwa, kurega or kusanyura mukati system, senge muIT system, hapana chekuita chakananga cheiyo nyeredzi point (kana chero imwe pfungwa mune network) uye pasi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, pasi petsoka mafungu haana nzira yekuvharwa uye nekudaro ane husinganzwisisike huwandu. Nekudaro, mukuita, chikanganiso chiripo hachifanane ne zero: vafambisi vari mudunhu - kunyanya pasi pevhu tambo - vane hunhu hwekutarisa pasi, iyo inopa nzira ine yakanyanya kukwirira.

Masisitimu asina kusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika anogona kuramba achishanda uye nekupa kusagadziriswa kuwanikwa kunyangwe paine chikanganiso chepasi.

Kuvapo kwekusavhiringidzwa kwepasi kukanganiswa kunogona kuisa njodzi yekuchengetedza: kana iyozvino ikapfuura 4 A - 5 A arc yemagetsi inokura, iyo inogona kutsigirwa kunyangwe iko kukanganiswa kwabviswa. Nechikonzero ichocho, ivo vanoganhurirwa kune epasi pevhu uye yepasi pegungwa maneti, uye maindasitiri mafomu, uko kutendeseka kunodiwa kuri pamusoro uye mukana wekubata kwevanhu zvakaderera. Mumadhorobha ekuparadzira netiweki ane akawanda epasi peanopa feeders, iyo capacitive yazvino inogona kusvika makumi emakumi emazana ema amperes, zvichikonzera njodzi huru yemidziyo.

Kubatsira kweakadzika kukanganisa ikozvino uye kuenderera mberi kwekushanda system ipapo kunogadziriswa neyakavanzika drawback iyo iyo nzvimbo yekukanganisa yakaoma kuona.